Fig. 1

Synergistic effects of IL-6 inhibition combined with PD-L1 blockade in the MPE mouse model. A Schematic representation of the treatment protocol, including the timing of administration and duration of treatments for the anti-IL-6 mAb (200 μg), anti-PD-L1 mAb (200 μg), their combination, and the vehicle solution in the MPE mouse model. The MPE mice were randomly assigned to four treatment groups. Created with BioRender. B Representative in vivo bioluminescence images of the growth of mice MPE. C MPE volume, D tumor nodules numbers, E representative images of tumors, F Kaplan–Meier survival plot, G body weight, levels of H ALT, I AST, J Cre in the blood was observed. K Representative H&E staining images of pleural tissue sections Scale bar = 100 µm. All experiments were performed with ≥ 3 biological replicates. *P < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, ns: not statistically significant. LLC, Lewis lung cancer cells; PD-L1, programmed cell death-ligand 1