Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study cohort
Characteristics | Total | ARBs use | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | |||
Participants | 25,436 | 8611 | 16,825 | Â |
Age (mean (SD)), year | 68.28(12.59) | 69.85(11.35) | 67.48(13.11) | < 0.001 |
Male (%) | 15,422(60.6) | 5140(59.7) | 10,282(61.1) | 0.029 |
Education Level (%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Illiteracy | 3399(13.4) | 1337(15.5) | 2062(12.3) |  |
 Elementary school | 8600(33.8) | 3337(38.8) | 5263(31.3) |  |
 Secondary school and above | 9237(36.3) | 3238(37.6) | 5999(35.7) |  |
 Unknown | 4200(16.5) | 699(8.1) | 3501(20.8) |  |
Smoking (%) | 4455(17.5) | 1489(17.2) | 2966(17.6) | 0.539 |
Drinking (%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Drinker | 6182(24.3) | 2156(25.0) | 4026(23.9) |  |
 Non-drinkers | 13,318(52.4) | 4874(56.6) | 8444(50.2) |  |
 Unknown | 5936(23.3) | 1581(18.4) | 4355(25.9) |  |
Hospitalization (%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Any Reason | 13,826(54.4) | 5864(68.1) | 7962(47.3) |  |
 CVD_related | 3290(12.9) | 1933(22.4) | 1357(8.1) |  |
 COPD_related | 4532(17.8) | 1946(22.6) | 2586(15.4) |  |
Comorbidities (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Diabetes | 1244(4.9) | 484(5.6) | 760(4.5) | < 0.001 |
 Hyperlipidemia | 3495(13.7) | 1419 (16.5) | 2076(12.3) | < 0.001 |
 Mental | 2165(8.5) | 739(8.6) | 1426(8.5) | 0.791 |
 Hypertensive | 8377(32.9) | 4186(48.6) | 4191(24.9) | < 0.001 |
 CKD | 349(1.4) | 112(1.3) | 237(1.4) | 0.520 |
 Ischaemic heart diseases | 3875(15.2) | 1511(17.5) | 2364(14.1) | < 0.001 |
 Venous thromboembolism | 148(0.6) | 48(0.6) | 100(0.6) | 0.780 |
 Arrythmia | 2334(9.2) | 886(10.3) | 1448(8.6) | < 0.001 |
 Heart failure | 2167(8.5) | 750(8.7) | 1417(8.4) | 0.451 |
 Cerebrovascular disease | 3160(12.4) | 1173(13.6) | 1987(11.8) | < 0.001 |
 Asthma | 4562(17.9) | 1514(17.6) | 3048(18.1) | 0.302 |
Comedications | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 COPD drug - Long-acting treatments | 5194(20.4) | 1401(16.3) | 3793(22.5) | < 0.001 |
 COPD drug - Short-acting treatments | 3448(13.6) | 1213(14.1) | 2235(13.3) | 0.080 |
 Cardiac drugs | 11,765(46.3) | 4305(50.0) | 7460(44.3) | < 0.001 |
 Other Antihypertensive drugs | 8965(35.2) | 3922(45.5) | 5043(30.0) | < 0.001 |
AECOPD | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Moderate Exacerbation | 0.37(0.51) | 0.42(0.51) | 0.35(0.50) | < 0.001 |
 Severe Exacerbation | 0.07(0.27) | 0.08(0.28) | 0.07(0.27) | 0.121 |