Fig. 1
From: Advances and applications of biosensors in pulmonary hypertension
Pulmonary vascular remodeling in PH. Pulmonary vascular remodeling in PH is primarily stimulated by factors such as hypoxia, inflammation, and genetic mutations. This mainly leads to the proliferation and dysfunction of endothelial cells in the intima, the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle in the media, and the proliferation of fibroblasts in the adventitia. The process is accompanied by the deposition of ECM and infiltration of inflammatory cells