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Table 2 Exploration of factors associated with low ESMD in patients with COPD

From: Antigravity muscle density on computed tomography and health-related independence in normal weight patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

 

ESMD < LLN

ESMA < LLN

Unadjusted

Adjusted

Unadjusted

Adjusted

FEV1, +1 L

0.69

(0.44–1.06)

0.52

(0.31–0.91) *

0.31

(0.18–0.54) **

0.43

(0.22–0.84) *

Wall area, + 1 mm2

1.08

(1.02–1.15) *

1.07

(1.00-1.15)

1.02 (0.96–1.09)

1.04

(0.95–1.13)

LAV%, + 10%

0.98

(0.78–1.23)

1.25

(0.93–1.67)

1.57 (1.23–2.01) **

1.02

(0.72–1.46)

SAD%, + 10%

1.13

(0.89–1.45)

1.29

(0.98–1.70)

1.48 (1.12–1.95) **

1.14

(0.80–1.62)

TAC, + 10

1.01

(0.97–1.05)

1.00

(0.96–1.04)

0.95

(0.91-1.00) *

0.95

(0.90-1.00) *

  1. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to obtain the unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio, respectively. The multivariable models included age, sex, height, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, pack-years, institutes, and comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease) as covariates. ESMA, cross-sectional erector spinae muscle area; ESMD, erector spinae muscle density; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; LAV, low Attenuation volume; LLN, lower limits of normal; SAD, small airway dysfunction; TAC, total airway count. * indicates p < 0.05, ** indicates p < 0.01