Fig. 4
IAV is cytotoxic and induces a robust pro-inflammatory response in human PCLS. A Cell death (%), calculated from lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release in PCLS, exposed to 106 PFU of SARS-CoV-2 Early or Delta isolate, and IAV H1N1 or H5N1 over time. A two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparisons test was applied to compare the different groups to Mock (not significant) and the different timepoints of a group to its 4 h p.i. timepoint. Each symbol represents an individual donor. B IFN-β, IFN-λ1, IFN-λ2/3 and (D) IL-6, IP10/CXCL10 mRNA expression levels per 18S rRNA over time. A two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparisons test was applied to compare the different groups. C IFN-β and IFN-λ1/3, and E IL-6 and IP10/CXCL10 protein levels in supernatants harvested 48 h p.i. in pg/ml. A Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test was applied to compare infection groups to Mock. The dotted line represents the detection limit of the assays. Mock, black; SARS-CoV-2 Early isolate, green; SARS-CoV-2 Delta isolate, blue; IAV H1N1, orange; IAV H5N1, yellow. Boxplots indicate the median value (centerline) and interquartile ranges (box edges), with whiskers extending to the lowest and the highest values