Table 4 Complications and outcomes in COPD patients according to gross national income (GNI) and cohort

First Ventilation support, n (%)

 Successful NPPV

6 (17)

10 (16)

47 (11)

9 (41)

8 (20)

61 (30)

27 (48)

32 (27)

129 (37)

27 (43.5)

86 (34)

100 (45)

 Failure NPPV

0

0

22 (5)

3 (14)

4 (10)

20 (10)

14 (25)

10 (8)

35 (10)

9 (14.5)

26 (10)

24 (11)

 Mechanical Ventilation

29 (83)

53 (84)

355 (84)

10 (45.5)

28 (70)

124 (60)

15 (27)

78 (65)

184 (53)

26 (42)

138 (55)

99 (44)

Complications, n (%)

 Barotrauma

4 (11)

2 (3)

9 (2)

2 (9)

1 (2.5)

3 (1.5)

1 (2)

0

8 (2)

0

1 (0.4)

3 (1)

 Ventilator-associated pneumonia

9 (26)

14 (22)

78 (18)

1 (4.5)

3 (7.5)

2 (1)

1 (2)

1 (1)

10 (3)

3 (5)

9 (4)

6 (3)

 Sepsis

6 (17)

2 (3)

50 (12)

5 (23)

7 (17.5)

28 (14)

13 (23)

22 (18)

63 (18)

13 (21)

46 (18)

34 (15)

 Acute respiratory distress syndrome

4 (11)

0

8 (2)

3 (14)

2 (5)

9 (4)

3 (5)

6 (5)

12 (3)

1 (2)

10 (4)

17 (8)

 Cardiovascular failure

6 (17)

10 (16)

53 (12.5)

9 (41)

19 (47.5)

70 (34)

12 (21)

36 (30)

127 (36)

12 (19)

70 (28)

74 (33)

 Renal failure

7 (20)

2 (3)

44 (10)

2 (9)

9 (22.5)

32 (16)

9 (16)

19 (16)

53 (15)

11 (18)

31 (12)

37 (17)

 Hepatic failure

3 (9)

0

6 (1)

3 (14)

0

9 (4)

0

14 (12)

10 (3)

3 (5)

0

1 (0.4)

 Coagulopathy

2 (6)

1 (2)

11 (3)

0

4 (10)

8 (4)

4 (7)

3 (2.5)

16 (5)

4 (6.5)

10 (4)

9 (4)

Clinical outcomes, n (%)

 Scheduled extubation, n (%)

13 (37)

41 (65)

258 (61)

5 (23)

22 (55)

93 (45)

21 (37.5)

45 (37.5)

131 (38)

16 (26)

94 (38)

78 (35)

Reintubation, n (%)

2 (15)

8 (19.5)

52 (20)

0

7 (32)

9 (10)

3 (14)

12 (27)

24 (18)

3 (19)

20 (21)

12 (15)

 Tracheotomy post-extubation, n (%)

1 (8)

4 (10)

17 (7)

0

5 (23)

4 (4)

0

6 (13)

10 (8)

0

4 (4)

4 (5)

 Use of NPPV postextubation, n (%)

N/A

N/A

N/A

2 (15)

1 (3)

15 (10)

4 (14)

18 (20)

26 (12)

10 (29)

36 (22)

31 (25)

 Use of HFNC postextubation, n (%)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

3 (9)

5 (3)

7 (6)

 Time to tracheotomy, days, median, [p25, p75]

10

[10–10]

7

[5–12]

12

[8–19]

N/A

13[11–21]

14[8–18]

N/A

16[12–23]

16[8–20]

N/A

15[11–19]

9[5–12]

Duration of mechanical ventilation

 Survivors, days, median, [p25, p75]

4 [3–6]

4 [3–6]

3 [2–5]

8 [7–12]

5[4–8]

5 [3–8]

5 [4–7]

5 [3–7]

4[3–6]

5 [3–9]

6[4–9]

5[3–7]

 Nonsurvivors, days, median, [p25, p75]

7 [4–11]

4.5 [3–6]

5 [3–8]

7 [2–15]

8 [4–11]

6.5[3–11]

3 [2–7]

5 [3–11]

6 [3–12]

4 [2–9]

7 [4–14]

6 [3–10]

 Prolonged ventilation, n (%)

1 (3)

2 (34)

17 (4.5)

4 (31)

5 (16)

18 (12.5)

2 (7)

16 (18)

22 (10)

4 (11)

24 (15)

12 (10)

 ICU mortality, n (%)

16 (46)

12 (19)

88 (21)

8 (36)

11 (27.5)

36 (18)

11 (20)

35 (29)

64 (18)

6 (10)

46 (18)

39 (17.5)

Length of ICU stay

 Survivors, days, median [p25, p75]

9 [6–14]

7 [5–8]

8 [5–12]

11 [7–14]

7 [5–11]

7 [4–11]

7 [5–11]

7 [4–13]

6 [4–10]

6 [4.5–14]

8 [5–12]

7 [4–10]

 NonSurvivors, days, median [p25, p75]

13 [7.5–21]

17.5 [5–27]

9 [5–17]

7 [2.5–20]

9 [4–22]

10 [6–19]

8 [3–21]

8[3–19]

9[5–19]

9 [3–17]

10 [6–17]

7[4–15]

 Hospital mortality, n (%)

17 (49)

14 (24)

117 (29.5)

8 (44)

16 (41)

53 (26)

13 (23)

38 (34)

83 (24.5)

6 (10)

59 (26)

58 (27)

 28-day mortality, N (%)

16 (46)

14 (22)

99 (23)

7 (32)

12 (30)

43 (21)

12 (21)

33 (27.5)

69 (20)

5 (8)

45 (18)

45 (20)

 Length of hospital stay, days, median [p25, p75]

15[8–22]

13[10–24]

17[1–28]

15[9–20]

12[10–22]

17[10–27]

11[7–16]

15[8–29]

15[9–25]

11[7–21]

15[9–24]

15[8–26]