Fig. 2
From: Tobacco and COPD: presenting the World Health Organization (WHO) Tobacco Knowledge Summary
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and multimorbidity, and the management strategies. The most common comorbidities in COPD include cardiovascular diseases, lung cancer, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD), skeletal muscle wasting, osteoporosis, depression and anxiety, which normally affect COPD progression and management. Most COPD patients have three or more comorbidities. Multidisciplinary management strategies, including smoking cessation, weight management, dietary changes, exercise training, medication and psychological counselling, are essential for COPD patients with multimorbidity