Fig. 4

Lung histology in VILI. A–G) Representative images of hematoxylin-eosin staining of the lungs in each group. Alveolar wall thickening, neutrophilic infiltration, and hemorrhage were observed in the LPS group (B) and were more severe in the HTV group (D). These features were reduced in the rTM, rAT, and rTMAT groups (E–G). Scale bar = 50 μm. H) Quantitative analysis of lung injury was performed using VILI score (N = 6). The degree of lung injury was quantitatively assessed by adding up the scores, ranging from 0 (minimal damage) to 12 (maximal damage). *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001, ****P ≤ 0.0001. LPS = lipopolysaccharide; rTM = recombinant thrombomodulin; rAT = recombinant antithrombin; HTV = high tidal volume ventilation; VILI = ventilator-induced lung injury