Fig. 2

Systemic and pulmonary inflammation. A and B) Serum TNF-α (N = 5–6) and HMGB-1 levels (N = 6) after 4 h of mechanical ventilation or spontaneous breathing. C) BALF TNF-α levels (N = 5–6). D) BALF HMGB-1 levels (N = 6). E) Total inflammatory cell counts in BALF (N = 6). F) The percentage of neutrophils in BALF (N = 6). ns = not significant. *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001, ****P ≤ 0.0001. BALF = bronchoalveolar lavage fluid