Effect of low climate impact vs. high climate impact inhalers for patients with asthma and COPD-a nationwide cohort analysis

Table 3 Multivariable Cox analysis of the primary outcome on the patients with asthma and COPD who collected identifiable ICS delivered by low climate impact inhalers, high climate impact inhalers or no ICS at all

Variable	Risk of primary outcome: Exacerbations requiring hospitalization and all-cause mortality HR (CI) p-value
ICS delivered by high climate impact inhalers	0.99 (0.76–1.28) p = 0.93
ICS delivered by low climate impact inhalers	0.89 (0.70–1.12) p = 0.31
ICS daily dose in the year prior to study entry	0.85 (0.82–0.88) p < 0.0001
Age group	1.28 (1.23–1.34) p < 0.0001
Gender male vs. female	0.89 (0.82–0.96) p = 0.003
Entry year	0.95 (0.92–0.97) p < 0.0001
Tobacco exposure “smoking history” vs. “never smoking”	1.49 (1.23–1.80) p < 0.0001
Exacerbations requiring hospitalization in the year before study entry	3.11 (2.85–3.38) p < 0.0001
Medical Research Council (MRC) Dyspnoea Scale	1.29 (1.24–1.34) p < 0.0001
Decreasing body mass index (BMI)	1.11 (1.02–1.21) p = 0.02
FEV₁% GOLD stage	1.46 (1.39–1.54) p < 0.0001

Hazard ratios were calculated by adjusted Cox analysis adjusting for collection of ICS delivered by low and high climate impact inhalers as well as the variables included in the propensity score match. N = 10,947 patients with asthma and COPD; 9,785 patients collecting ICS by low and high climate impact inhalers, and 1,162 patients who did not collect ICS in the year before study entry
Age group (≤ 70 years, > 70 and ≤ 80 years, > 80 and ≤ 90 or > 90 years), gender (male vs. female), entry year by calendar year, tobacco exposure (active smoking history vs. never smoker), exacerbations requiring hospitalization in the year before study entry, medical Research Council (MRC) Dyspnoea Scale (1, 2, 3, 4 or 5), decreasing body mass index (BMI) (≥ 20 kg/m², < 20 kg/m² and ≥ 15 kg/m² or < 15 kg/m²), FEV₁% GOLD stage 1–4(≥ 80%, < 80% and ≥ 50%, < 50% and ≥ 30% or < 30%)

ISSN: 1465-993X