Table 4 GEE models predicting incidence rate ratio of asthma exacerbation, PATH Study (Waves 1–5, 2013-19)^a

Period

 1 (Wave 1 – Wave 2)

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 2 (Wave 2 – Wave 3)

1.38 (1.18–1.60)

0.00006

1.38 (1.19–1.60)

0.00004

1.38 (1.19–1.60)

0.00004

1.38 (1.19–1.60)

0.00005

 3 (Wave 3 – Wave 4)

1.38 (1.18–1.60)

0.00006

1.38 (1.19–1.61)

0.00004

1.38 (1.19–1.61)

0.00004

1.38 (1.19–1.61)

0.00005

 4 (Wave 4 – Wave 5)

1.15 (0.99–1.34)

0.07612

1.16 (0.99–1.35)

0.06650

1.15 (0.99–1.35)

0.07271

1.16 (0.99–1.36)

0.06575

Time-varying cigarette and cigar use

 Non-established cigarette and cigar use

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Former cigarette or cigar use

1.21 (1.00–1.46)

0.05240

1.09 (0.89–1.32)

0.40649

1.00 (0.79–1.27)

0.97864

1.01 (0.80–1.28)

0.91494

 Exclusive cigarette use

1.52 (1.26–1.82)

0.00002

1.44 (1.21–1.71)

0.00007

1.29 (1.05–1.59)

0.01385

1.26 (1.03–1.54)

0.02694

 Exclusive cigar use

0.73 (0.44–1.20)

0.20933

0.76 (0.45–1.27)

0.29535

0.71 (0.42–1.20)

0.19283

0.70 (0.42–1.17)

0.17201

 Dual use

1.72 (1.31–2.24)

0.00012

1.70 (1.34–2.15)

0.00003

1.50 (1.15–1.98)

0.00366

1.41 (1.08–1.85)

0.01283

Sociodemographic risk factors

Age

1.02 (1.01–1.02)

0.00000

1.02 (1.01–1.02)

0.00000

1.02 (1.01–1.02)

0.00000

Sex

 Female

1.29 (1.08–1.53)

0.00488

1.29 (1.08–1.53)

0.00488

1.19 (1.00–1.41)

0.04839

 Male

Reference

Reference

Reference

Race/Ethnicity

 Hispanic

1.21 (0.98–1.49)

0.07740

1.24 (1.00–1.53)

0.04978

1.17 (0.91–1.49)

0.22339

 NH White

Reference

Reference

Reference

 NH Black

1.02 (0.82–1.27)

0.84513

1.04 (0.84–1.30)

0.69351

1.00 (0.80–1.24)

0.96988

 Another NH race and ethnicity

1.15 (0.76–1.74)

0.50324

1.16 (0.77–1.74)

0.48523

1.21 (0.81–1.79)

0.35106

Annual household income

 $50,000 or more

0.59 (0.47–0.75)

0.00004

0.60 (0.47–0.77)

0.00006

0.62 (0.49–0.78)

0.00005

 Less than $50,000

Reference

Reference

Reference

Health insurance status

 Covered

0.83 (0.66–1.05)

0.11990

0.84 (0.67–1.05)

0.12335

0.82 (0.66–1.03)

0.08357

 Not covered

Reference

Reference

Reference

History of tobacco use

Time-varying ENDS use

 Non-established ENDS use

Reference

Reference

 Former ENDS use

1.11 (0.94–1.31)

0.20131

1.05 (0.90–1.23)

0.49642

 Current ENDS use

1.25 (1.08–1.46)

0.00342

1.20 (1.02–1.40)

0.02395

Log of baseline cigarette pack-years / 10

1.11 (0.95–1.28)

0.17673

1.13 (0.97–1.31)

0.10428

Other risk factors

Time-varying secondhand smoking exposure - mean number of 12 h of exposure in past 7 days

1.02 (1.00–1.05)

0.07777

Obesity (BMI ≥ 30.0) at baseline

 Yes

1.11 (0.94–1.30)

0.20851

 No

Reference

Asthma exacerbation at baseline

 Yes

2.39 (2.09–2.74)

0.00000

 No

Reference