Fig. 4

Identification of core targets and cluster module analysis of LHQW in the treatment of chronic bronchitis. A, B Matescape database was utilized to conduct cluster module analysis of the 76 potential pharmacodynamic targets. The cluster modules were formed based on a significance level of p < 0.01 and comprised a minimum of three genes. C Interaction relationships were found among 66 out of the 76 potential target genes related to pharmacodynamics, depicted in a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network. The topological analysis of these potential pharmacological targets was carried out using Network Analyzer. The network displays the top 16 target genes ranked by degree, highlighted in yellow nodes. D The PPI network of 16 key pharmacological targets of LHQW for treating chronic bronchitis was derived from the initial topological analysis. The top four core targets in terms of degree ranking are represented by yellow nodes in the network. E The second topological analysis resulted in a PPI network of the four core targets of LHQW in the treatment of chronic bronchitis. Nodes in the network signify proteins, and the lines represent interactions between proteins