Antifibrotics and mortality in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: external validity and avoidance of immortal time bias

Table 4 Multivariate Fine–Gray sub-distribution hazard analysis of mortality in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis who were and were not treated with antifibrotics: Target trial emulation

	No. of patients	HR	95%CI	p-value
Unexposed	15,632	Ref	Ref	Ref
Nintedanib	2754
Unadjusted		0.69	0.64–0.73	< 0.0001
Adjusted ^a		0.72	0.67–0.77	< 0.0001
Pirfenidone	3908
Unadjusted		0.86	0.82–0.91	< 0.0001
Adjusted ^a		0.86	0.82–0.91	< 0.0001

Lung transplantation was considered a competing event
^aAdjusted for age, sex, cerebrovascular disease, dementia, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome/human immunodeficiency virus, myocardial infarction, renal disease, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, chronic pulmonary disease, peptic ulcer, liver disease, diabetes mellitus, hemiplegia or paraplegia, venous thromboembolic disease, pulmonary hypertension, long-term oxygen use, and corticosteroid use at baseline
CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio

ISSN: 1465-993X