Fig. 2

2,5-Dimethylpyrazine reduces the physiological response to cellular signaling critical in airway innate immunity. a 16HBE14o- cells display cytotoxic cellular impedance responses to 2,5-dimethylpyrazine at 0.6Â % and higher. b A 24Â h exposure to subcytotoxic concentrations of 2,5-dimethylpyrazine causes a concentration-dependent signaling response to forskolin in 16HBE14o- cells. c A 24Â h exposure to subcytotoxic concentrations of 2,5-dimethylpyrazine results in a reduction in 16HBE14o- signaling response to ATP. At subcytotoxic concentrations, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine evoked a physiological response at concentrations as low as 0.06Â %Â v/v and dampened the response to cellular signaling key in airway epithelial innate immunity